Social Movements in the 1960s

I. Civil Rights:
A. Enforcing Segregation:
1. Culturally
2. Legal: Plessy v Ferguson (1898)

B. Fighting Segregation:
1. NAACP
2. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
a. Brown II
b. Resisting Justice:
Little Rock Central High School (1957)
Orval Faubus
3. Rosa Parks and the Bus Boycott:
4. Emmitt Till
5. The Sit-Ins:
6. Freedom Rides:
7. JFK:
a. Civil Rights Act of 1964
b. Voting Rights Act of 1965
--Fannie Lou Hammer

II. OTHER MOVEMENTS:
A. UFW
B. Anti-War
C. American Indian Movement
D. Women’s Movement
E. Environment

Quarantine Speech to World War Two

"This neighbor told me that what we needed was a damn good war, and we'd solve our agricultural problems. And I said, 'Yes, but I'd hate to pay for it with my son. Which we did.' He weeps. 'It's too much of a price to pay.'"
"The war was fun for America. I'm not talking about the poor souls who lost sons and daughters. But for the rest of us, the war was a hell of a good time."
"The war changed our whole idea of how we wanted to live when we got back. We set our sights pretty high. All of us wanted better levels of living."
"Ours was the only country among the combatants in World War Two that was neither invaded nor bombed. Ours were the only cities not blasted to rubble."

How to Quarantine Disease in an Isolationist Country:

I. Intro:
Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Would you consider going to a country to fight on behalf of the people there even if it meant risking your life and breaking your own country's law?




II. PEACE IN THE 1920s
A. Isolation
B. Washington Conference
C. Kellogg-Briand Pact
D. The Peace Movement

III. ISOLATION TO WAR
A. Isolationist Tension:
1. Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934)
“Foreign markets must be regained if producers are to rebuild a full and enduring domestic prosperity.” (FDR)
2. Nye Committee
3. Neutrality Acts
FDR: “no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another.”
4. Ludlow Amendment
B. Non-Belligerence:
1. Stockpile Act
2. Educational Orders Act
3. Civilian War Resources Board
4. Lend-Lease
5. The Atlantic Charter
C. War: Attack of Pearl Harbor

IV. War:
16 million men and women entered
1/8th in combat
33 months=average time of service


D-Day


Deception in Modern War
Operation Fortitude
Operation Skye
British Fourth Army
First U.S. Army Group



June 6, 1944 (to June 11, 1944)
--4,100 landing craft
--12,000 landing support aircraft
-- 1,000 air transports (paratroopers)
--10,000 tons of bombs dropped
--14,000 attack sorties flown.
--in all, 47 divisions (140,000 troops)


Country Military Civilian
Soviet Union 8,668,000 16,900,000 25,568,000
China 1,324,000 10,000,000 11,324,000
Germany 3,250,000 3,810,000 7,060,000
Poland 850,000 6,000,000 6,850,000
Japan 1,506,000 300,000 1,806,000
Yugoslavia 300,000 1,400,000 1,700,000
Rumania 520,000 465,000 985,000
France 340,000 470,000 810,000
Hungary 750,000
Austria 380,000 145,000 525,000
Greece 520,000
Italy 330,000 80,000 410,000
Czechoslovakia 400,000
Great Britain 326,000 62,000 388,000
USA 400,000 400,000
Holland 14,000 236,000 250,000
Belgium 10,000 75,000 85,000
Finland 79,000 79,000
Canada 42,000 42,000
India 36,000 36,000
Australia 39,000 39,000
Spain 12,000 10,000 22,000
Bulgaria 19,000 2,000 21,000
New Zealand 12,000 12,000
South Africa 9,000 9,000
Norway 5,000 5,000
Denmark 4,000 4,000


World War Two was a Total War:
What does that mean?

1936: 82% of Americans say married women should not work
1941-1944: 6 million new women in workforce, increase of 57%
“Your first duty is your beauty”—cosmetic slogan

How does this war end? (trick question)
"A dense column of smoke rises more than 60,000 feet into the air over the Japanese port of Nagasaki, the result of an atomic bomb, the second ever used in warfare, dropped on the industrial center August 8, 1945, from the US B-29 Superfortress."

Hiroshima: August 6, 1945 (100,000 dead)
Nagasaki: August 8, 1945 (35,000 dead)

ANNE MOODY DUE ON 10/27...HERE'S WHAT TO LOOK FOR AS YOU READ:

Discussion Questions: Anne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi
THESE WILL GUIDE OUR DISCUSSION BUT WILL NOT BE HANDED IN:

1. Describe Anne Moody’s economic circumstances as a child in Mississippi. When and why did she become a domestic servant?

2. Explain Anne's awakening to racial inequality. What are some of the incidents in childhood that spark her consciousness? How does she first challenge white supremacy and what is the reaction of her family?

3. How did the Emmit Till lynching affect Anne Moody?

4. How did Anne overcome the obstacles to get a college education? Where did she go to school? Did she graduate?

5. How would you describe the attitude toward sex in the college that Anne Moody attended? How does it differ from today’s attitude?

6. Anne frequently refers to African-Americans who were of the “high yellow caste.” To what is she referring?

7. Describe Anne Moody’s involvement in the Civil Rights Movement?

8. How does Anne judge the success of the Civil Rights Movement?

9. Anne Moody attended the August 28, 1963 March on Washington. "I sat on the grass and listened to the speakers, to discover we had 'dreamers' instead of leaders leading us...I sat there thinking that in Canton we never had time to sleep, much less dream." How does this contradict Americans' popular memory and celebration of the March and Martin Luther King, Jr's speech?

10. What does Anne Moody’s story tell us of life for African Americans during the Civil Rights era?

THE NEW DEAL

Dave Smith (Disney archivist): "Three Little Pigs," 1933.
“This was a film that came out when America was in the depths of the Depression and everyone was trying to keep the ‘Big Bad Wolf’ away from their doors. The song ‘Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?’ almost became almost a theme song for the Depression years.”


Now, you must make an ethical decision about how this man is remembered before we can move on:

Should the FDR memorial have included a wheelchair, cigarette, neither, or both?
Justify your answer:

Here’s another one, just for discussion:
Would FDR have been elected if the country
had known he was in a wheelchair?
Would someone in a wheelchair be elected president today?

I. The Election of 1932:
Herbert Hoover vs. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Hoover: “General prosperity had been a great ally
in the election of 1928. Great Depression was a major enemy in 1932.”

“Herbert Roosevelt and Franklin Hoover”
--one columnist’s opinion of the two candidates

Campaign Song for FDR:
At first, “Anchors Aweigh”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhCko6qUGuc

“Sounds like a funeral march.” (two campaign workers)

“Happy Days are Here Again.”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqsT4xnKZPg

Bonus Army: “Hoover sent the army. Roosevelt
sent his wife.”
FDR: “Above all, be sure there is plenty of
good coffee. No questions asked. Just let free coffee flow all the time.”

Electoral Vote: 472 to 59

Inauguration: March 4, 1933
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX_v0zxM23Q&feature=related


II. THE NEW DEAL

“Brain Trust”
--FDR’s trusted advisers
--politicians and professors

First Hundred Days:
March 9 to June 16, 1933
Will Rogers:
“Congress does pass legislation—they just wave at the bills as they go by.”

John Maynard Keynes(1883 to 1946):
Keynesian Economics
--unemployment leads to money hoarding
--govt. must expand money supply
--short term but massive government spending

Nixon: "We are all Keynesians now."

POLICIES OF THE NEW DEAL

--RELIEF, RECOVERY, REFORM--

A. RELIEF:
1. work relief:
1935--1943
WPA --employed 8.5 million americans
--spent $10.5 billion
--constructed 651,087 miles of roads
--125,110 public buildings
--8192 parks
--853 airports
-- built or repaired 124,087 bridges

2. direct assistance

B. RECOVERY:
1. industry:
2. agriculture:

C. REFORM:

1. Social Security Act:

2. Emergency Banking Act:

Was the New Deal Successful?

C. Political Responses from the Right:
1. Father Coughlin turns Right

2. William Dudley Pelly's "Silver Shirts"

IV. SIGNIFICANCE:
A. desperate times require desperate policy
B. changing expectation of govt. involvement

"It is my contention that no one should be allowed to write about FDR who did not experience that era. It really is one of those cases of you had to be there. Roosevelt may be a myth...today, but 60 years ago that myth looked more like hope. In his fireside chats, he turned our Philco radios into shrines, and when he said that America could not afford to live with one-third of a nation ill-housed and ill-fed, we thought he would do something about it. And he did."

Daniel Schorr, "The FDR 'Myth': You Had To Be There," Christian Science Monitor, 25 October 1996

ORIGINS OF THE DEPRESSION

1. U.S. Business Fundamentally Flawed
a. Overproduction/underconsumption
b.Stock market speculation

c. Run on the Banks

2. Farm Depression
The Dust Bowl

3. Worldwide depression

4. Bad Policy:
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Presidential Organization for
Unemployment Relief (POUR)

The Great Depression:

I. Intro
Impact of the Depression:
1) Morally
2) Economically
3) Emotionally

II. What Did it do to people?
A) Work:
B) Savings:
C) Housing:

http://money.cnn.com/2009/03/30/real_estate/February_Hope_Now/

“But in spite of these efforts, the number of foreclosures started in February rose to 243,000 from 217,000 in January. About 87,000 homes were repossessed by banks during February, a 28% jump from the 68,000 foreclosures completed in January. Since the mortgage meltdown hit in July 2007, 1,395,044 homes have been lost.”

D) Eating:

III. How did people deal with it?

A. BY MAKING FEWER PEOPLE:
B. BY HELPING OUT:
C. BY MOVING:
1. Okies
2. African-American migration
3. Mexican-American
D. PSYCHOLOGICALLY:
1. Suicide:
2. Nervous breakdowns:
3. Blaming themselves
4. Blaming others:
a) Hoover and other politicians:
b) business interests:
c) women:
d) Mexican-Americans:
e) blacks:

HERE’S A DEEP QUESTION TO PONDER:
Does poverty cause discrimination, discrimination cause poverty, or is there no relationship between the two?

IV. No Single Great Depression Experience:
1. very wealthy
2. Pre-Depression Poor:
3. Middle-class/young middle class:


V. Why Important?


Woody Guthrie, Dust Bowl Refugee

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_ehYkr0NhU&feature=PlayList&p=329A9E811185D82B&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=11

I'm a dust bowl refugee,
Just a dust bowl refugee,
From that dust bowl to the peach bowl,
Now that peach fuzz is a-killin' me.
'Cross the mountains to the sea,
Come the wife and kids and me.
It's a hot old dusty highway
For a dust bowl refugee.
Hard, it's always been that way
Here today and on our way
Down that mountain, 'cross the desert,
Just a dust bowl refugee.
We are ramblers, so they say,
We are only here today,
Then we travel with the seasons,
We're the dust bowl refugees.
From south land and the drought land,
Come the wife and kids and me,
And this old world is a hard world
For a dust bowl refugee.
Yes, we ramble and we roam
And the highway that's our home,
It's a never-ending highway
For a dust bowl refugee.
Yes, we wander and we work
In your crops and in your fruit,
Like the whirlwinds on the desert
That's the dust bowl refugees.
I'm a dust bowl refugee,
I'm a dust bowl refugee,
And I wonder will I always
Be a dust bowl refugee?

Woody Guthrie in the Daily Worker, c. 1940; reprinted in Joe Klein, Woody Guthrie: A Life, London/Boston, 1988, p. 159.

"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime," (1931)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4F4yT0KAMyo

They used to tell me I was building a dream, and so I followed the mob,
When there was earth to plow, or guns to bear, I was always there right on the job.
They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead,
Why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread?
Once I built a railroad, I made it run, made it race against time.
Once I built a railroad; now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime?
Once I built a tower, up to the sun, brick, and rivet, and lime;
Once I built a tower, now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime?
Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell,
Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum,
Half a million boots went slogging through Hell,
And I was the kid with the drum!
Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time.
Why don't you remember, I'm your pal? Buddy, can you spare a dime?

MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE

This midterm will be in class on 10/18.

YOU NEED A BLUE BOOK FOR THIS EXAM.
This exam will have two parts:

Part A (50%) is objective. There will be 27 multiple choice questions. You will answer 25 of them. Here are two examples of questions used on a previous exam:

Which Amendment added woman suffrage to the Constitution?
A. 19th
B. 20th
C. 21st
D. 22nd

The Reconstruction era Wade-Davis Bill was
A. wildly successful.
B. pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.
C. responsible for ending slavery.
D. signed by Lincoln.


Part B is an essay(50%):

I will choose one of the following three essays:

1. What caused the Great Depression? What were the key government responses? How effective were those responses?

2. Define Progressivism. What were the most successful movements within Progressivism?

3. Is the 1920s better characterized as a period of progress or decline?


HOW TO SUCCEED ON THIS TEST:
Study the lecture outlines on the blog.
Make outlines for each theme.
Make sure that your outlines have far more information than you could ever remember.
Avoid the big general statements.
Instead, add detail to your outline.
Then, use those outlines to study; try to rewrite the outline without looking; say the outline out loud in front of a mirror; use the outline to impress your friends at work or at parties; come to office hours and let me see the outline.The one comment I write more than any other on midterms is “add more detail.”
So, learn some details to back up your understanding of the periods we have studied. I want you to do well!

Prohibition and the 1920s

I. Prohibition Law:
A. 18th Amendment
(prohibiting manufacture, sale, transport)
B. Volstead Act
(making the 18th a “bone dry” amendment)
C. "Five and Ten Law"
(1929, 5 year, $10,000 penalty)

III. Prohibition Failure:
Why Not More of a Success?
A. Minimal Enforcement:
B. Unrealistic Expectations:
C. Corruption:
D. Policy without Authority:

III. Repeal:
A. 21st Amendment (Dec. 5, 1933)
B. The Constitution and Federal Intervention

IV. Progress and Decline in the 1920s:
A. 20s as Decade of Cultural/Economic Flowering:
1. Consumerism:

Lowest 40%=$725
190-housing
110-clothing
290-food
=135 left

Edward Bernays=father of modern pr


2. Movies:
Warner Bros. Pictures inc. in 1923
MGM formed in 1924
Fox Film Corporation founded in 1912
(became 20th Century Fox in 1935)
United Artists, formed in 1919
(by stars Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., Charlie Chaplin, and director D.W. Griffith)



3. Harlem Renaissance

Claude McKay: If We Must Die (1919)

If we must die, let it not be like hogs
Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot,
While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs,
Making their mock at our accursed lot.
If we must die, O let us nobly die,
So that our precious blood may not be shed
In vain; then even the monsters we defy
Shall be constrained to honor us though dead!
O kinsmen we must meet the common foe!
Though far outnumbered let us show us brave,
And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow!
What though before us lies the open grave?
Like men we'll face the murderous, cowardly pack,
Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!

Langston Hughes, I Too, Sing America

I, too, sing America.
I am the darker brother.
They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes,
But I laugh,
And eat well,
And grow strong.
Tomorrow,
I'll be at the table
When company comes.
Nobody'll dare
Say to me,
"Eat in the kitchen,"
Then.
Besides,
They'll see how beautiful I am

And be ashamed--

I, too, am America.



4. “Lost Generation”



5. The “New Woman”


B. 1920s as a Decade of Suffering,
Ignorance, and Cultural Decay

1. Influenza
--killed 25-50 million worldwide
(700,000 in U.S.)
Historian Alfred Crosby:
The virus “killed more humans than any other disease in a period of similar duration in the history of the world.”


“I had a little bird, I had a little bird,
Its name was Enza. Its name was Enza.
I opened up the window, I opened up the window, And in flu enza, In flu enza.”
Children’s jump rope rhyme



2. World Economic Chaos:

 England=industrial problems: General Strike of 1926
--2 million unemployed by 1930
--3 million unemp. in 1933

 Depression
One billion per year in reparations
Hyperinflation in Germany:

1 dollar=9000 marks (Jan. of 1923)
1 dollar=4.2 trillion marks
(Nov. of 1923)

--one loaf of bread=580 billion marks

3. Urban Racial Unrest: Chicago, 1919
…48 recorded lynchings in 1917
…78 recorded lynchings in 1919

4. Nativism:
a. National Origins Act of 1924
b. Sacco and Vanzetti

5. The KKK




6. Scopes Monkey Trial

VII. Significance: